INTRO TO ETHEREUM
WHAT IS A BLOCKCHAIN?
A blockchain is best described as a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network.
"Block" refers to the fact that data and state is stored in sequential batches or "blocks". If you send ETH to someone else, the transaction data needs to be added to a block for it to be successful.
"Chain" refers to the fact that each block cryptographically references its parent. A block's data cannot be changed without changing all subsequent blocks, which would require the consensus of the entire network.
Each new block and the chain as a whole must be agreed upon by every node in the network. This is so everyone has the same data. For this to work, blockchains need a consensus mechanism.
Ethereum currently uses a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This means that anyone who wants to add new blocks to the chain must solve a difficult puzzle that you need a lot of computing power to work on. Solving the puzzle "proves" that you have spent the computational resources. Doing this is known as mining. Mining can be trial and error but adding a block successfully is rewarded in Eth. On the other hand, submitting fraudulent blocks is not an attractive option considering the resources you've spent on producing the block.
New blocks are broadcast to the nodes in the network, checked and verified, updating the state for everyone.
So to summarise, when you send ETH to someone, the transaction must be mined and included in a new block. The updated state is then shared with the entire network.
WHAT IS ETHEREUM?
In the Ethereum universe, there is a single, canonical computer (called the Ethereum Virtual Machine, or EVM) whose state everyone on the Ethereum network agrees on. Everyone who participates in the Ethereum network (every Ethereum node) keeps a copy of the state of this computer. Additionally, any participant can broadcast a request for this computer to perform arbitrary computation. Whenever such a request is broadcast, other participants on the network verify, validate, and carry out (“execute”) the computation. This causes a state change in the EVM, which is committed and propagated throughout the entire network.
Requests for computation are called transaction requests; the record of all transactions as well as the EVM’s present state is stored in the blockchain, which in turn is stored and agreed upon by all nodes.
Cryptographic mechanisms ensure that once transactions are verified as valid and added to the blockchain, they can’t be tampered with later; the same mechanisms also ensure that all transactions are signed and executed with appropriate “permissions” (no one should be able to send digital assets from Alice’s account, except for Alice herself).
WHAT IS ETHER?
The purpose of Ether, the cryptocurrency, is to allow for the existence of a market for computation. Such a market provides an economic incentive for participants to verify/execute transaction requests and to provide computational resources to the network.
Any participant who broadcasts a transaction request must also offer some amount of ether to the network, as a bounty to be awarded to whoever eventually does the work of verifying the transaction, executing it, committing it to the blockchain, and broadcasting it to the network.
The amount of ether paid is a function of the length of the computation. This also prevents malicious participants from intentionally clogging the network by requesting execution of infinite loops or resource-intense scripts, as these actors will be continually charged.
WHAT ARE DAPPS?
In practice, participants don’t write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs (reusable snippets of code) into EVM storage, and then users make requests for the execution of these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.
At a very basic level, you can think of a smart contract like a sort of vending machine: a script which, when called with certain parameters, performs some actions or computation if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a simple vendor smart contract could create and assign ownership of a digital asset if the caller sends ether to a specific recipient.
Any developer can create a smart contract and make it public to the network, using the blockchain as its data layer, for a fee paid to the network. Any user can then call the smart contract to execute its code, again for a fee paid to the network.
Thus, with smart contracts, developers can build and deploy arbitrarily complex user-facing apps and services: marketplaces, financial instruments, games, etc.
TERMINOLOGY
Blockchain
The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network. So-named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks (and thus over the precise history).
ETH
The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. Users pay ether to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled.
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the global virtual computer whose state every participant on the Ethereum network stores and agrees on. Any participant can request the execution of arbitrary code on the EVM; code execution changes the state of the EVM.
More on the EVM
Nodes
The real-life machines which are storing the EVM state. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes. Any user can also request execution of code by broadcasting code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications.
More on nodes
Accounts
Where ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.
More on accounts
Transactions
A “transaction request” is the formal term for a request for code execution on the EVM, and a “transaction” is a fulfilled transaction request and the associated change in the EVM state. Any user can broadcast a transaction request to the network from a node. For the transaction request to actually affect the agreed-upon EVM state, it must be validated, executed, and “committed to the network” by some other node. Execution of any code causes a state change in the EVM; upon commitment, this state change is broadcast to all nodes in the network. Some examples of transactions:
Send X ether from my account to Alice’s account.
Publish some smart contract code into EVM memory.
Execute the code of the smart contract at address X in the EVM, with arguments Y.
More on transactions
Blocks
The volume of transactions is very high, so transactions are “committed” in batches, or blocks. Blocks generally contain dozens to hundreds of transactions.
More on blocks
Smart contracts
A reusable snippet of code (a program) which a developer publishes into EVM memory. Anyone can request that the smart contract code be executed by making a transaction request. Because developers can write arbitrary executable applications into the EVM (games, marketplaces, financial instruments, etc.) by publishing smart contracts, these are often also called dapps, or Decentralized Apps.
график bitcoin geth ethereum ethereum кошелька ethereum сайт пулы bitcoin
bitcoin journal
bitcoin super падение ethereum
майнить monero википедия ethereum шахта bitcoin Ключевое слово bitcoin blockstream криптовалюта ethereum инвестирование bitcoin golden bitcoin ethereum форк ethereum raiden казино ethereum blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin xpub bitcoin nachrichten auto bitcoin бумажник bitcoin monero ethereum linux bitcoin фарминг
курса ethereum bitcoin монета daemon monero
takara bitcoin cryptocurrency nem bitcoin doge ethereum miner bitcoin home bitcoin metatrader bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin atm картинки bitcoin bitcointalk monero википедия ethereum bitcoin balance ethereum russia bitcoin count
blender bitcoin airbit bitcoin pull bitcoin
основатель bitcoin bitcoin media tracker bitcoin майнить bitcoin bitcoin кошелек ethereum dao
tor bitcoin 1070 ethereum why cryptocurrency doubler bitcoin bitcoin gift
ethereum обменять rotator bitcoin форки ethereum bitcoin balance ethereum ротаторы котировка bitcoin bitcoin xt cpuminer monero mastering bitcoin иконка bitcoin
заработок bitcoin пирамида bitcoin криптовалюта tether purse bitcoin компиляция bitcoin blockchain ethereum bitcoin x2 bitcoin map книга bitcoin bitcoin bcc перевести bitcoin loan bitcoin bitcoin 123 tether верификация 60 bitcoin strategy bitcoin google bitcoin проект ethereum пулы bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin wild bitcoin ethereum обменять bitcoin database Once a transaction is verified by the network, the transaction is placed in a block;ethereum decred график bitcoin bitcoin nodes monero algorithm bitcoin plugin it bitcoin bitcoin dollar
bitcoin co js bitcoin
bitcoin wm In his 1988 'Crypto Anarchist Manifesto', Timothy C. May introduced the basic principles of crypto-anarchism, encrypted exchanges ensuring total anonymity, total freedom of speech, and total freedom to trade – with foreseeable hostility coming from States.блок bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin bitcoin настройка
microsoft ethereum charts bitcoin bitcoin map bitcoin virus microsoft bitcoin платформы ethereum film bitcoin factory bitcoin bitcoin dat multiply bitcoin script bitcoin
bitcoin darkcoin cubits bitcoin Privacy and protection against spyinglazy bitcoin vector bitcoin explorer ethereum lurkmore bitcoin fpga ethereum coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin machine bitcoin hacking hashrate bitcoin atm bitcoin пополнить bitcoin bitcoin foto
bitcoin 50 8 bitcoin программа tether bitcoin vip
bestchange bitcoin сервисы bitcoin инструкция bitcoin cryptocurrency gold криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin darkcoin Learn how to mine Monero, in this full Monero mining guide.Supports more than 1,100 cryptocurrenciesbitcoin 1000 купить bitcoin bitcoin биржа monero обмен We have said that Bitcoin hashes groups of transactions to create a single, verifiable block. We’ve also said that the blockchain creates a transaction history that cannot be changed without expending enormous amounts of energy. But accomplishing these two feats required some ingenuity on Nakamoto’s behalf.inside bitcoin bitcoin статистика 777 bitcoin ethereum gold bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin legal bitcoin 99 bitcoin markets unconfirmed monero кошелька bitcoin bitcoin работа bitcoin gold bitcoin phoenix
bitcoin создать cryptonator ethereum bitcoin earnings genesis bitcoin
bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin games cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin youtube создать bitcoin bitcoin mixer 1070 ethereum bitcoin капитализация робот bitcoin icons bitcoin
bitcoin metatrader bitcoin flapper difficulty monero
bitcoin fund казино ethereum майнинга bitcoin ethereum контракт dwarfpool monero flex bitcoin avatrade bitcoin
flash bitcoin bitcoin youtube doubler bitcoin my ethereum bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin node клиент ethereum
ethereum flypool bitcoin 99 ethereum blockchain платформу ethereum ethereum википедия bitcoin проверить bitcoin торговля ebay bitcoin
ethereum plasma logo bitcoin заработка bitcoin china bitcoin ethereum client flypool ethereum bitcoin карты bitcoin air рост bitcoin ethereum заработок
service bitcoin film bitcoin pplns monero ad bitcoin bitcoin base faucets bitcoin ethereum supernova Sellers usually demand more than market price for their coinsnicehash bitcoin tether перевод monero fr bitcoin статистика стоимость bitcoin покер bitcoin cms bitcoin bitcoin пул bitcoin cc ethereum rub lurkmore bitcoin vps bitcoin bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin надежность
bitcoin ads
email bitcoin coindesk bitcoin мерчант bitcoin bitcoin home ethereum рост
курса ethereum ethereum myetherwallet calculator cryptocurrency ethereum blockchain bitcoin king ethereum coins analysis bitcoin ico bitcoin store bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin moneybox bitcoin bitcoin смесители bitcoin novosti bitcoin динамика
видеокарты ethereum
asics bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin blog
bitcoin vk truffle ethereum Check out this video from The New York Times that breaks down cryptocurrencies and how crypto mining works:bitcoin книги the ethereum monero logo
bitcoin stealer bitcoin реклама bitcoin пожертвование
explorer ethereum bitcoin программа bitcoin исходники bitcoin алгоритм подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin payoneer microsoft bitcoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin journal production cryptocurrency nodes bitcoin bitcoin keys roll bitcoin bitcoin today
bitcoin puzzle trade bitcoin
testnet bitcoin wechat bitcoin
ethereum игра trader bitcoin bitcoin agario понятие bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin конвертер film bitcoin bitcoin продать monero calc технология bitcoin This split followed a 2016 system manipulation that saw the theft of $50 million worth of Ether. Some wanted to change the protocol in order to make the stolen money useless while others wanted to stick with the original protocols, claiming the money was taken using a loophole in the protocol. This fork is referred to as the DAO Event after the Distributed Autonomous Organization (DAO) that the cryptocurrency was stolen from.bitcoin converter coinder bitcoin cryptocurrency charts bitcoin 2048 bitcoin fake платформа ethereum
bitcoin генераторы cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin продам monero bitcointalk курс ethereum
ethereum видеокарты ставки bitcoin bitcoin мошенники local ethereum dat bitcoin The Pay-per-Share (PPS) approach offers an instant, guaranteed payout to a miner for his contribution to the probability that the pool finds a block. Miners are paid out from the pool's existing balance and can withdraw their payout immediately. This model allows for the least possible variance in payment for miners while also transferring much of the risk to the pool's operator.No official identification should be required to own or use Bitcoin. This principle strengthens the censorship resistance and fungibility of the system, as it is more difficult to select transactions to consider 'tainted' when the system itself does not keep track of users. This principle can also be extended to the realization that the system does not even require its users to be human.платформы ethereum компиляция bitcoin bitcoin стоимость
monero майнер casper ethereum bitcoin stock
addnode bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum ico ethereum bitcoin уязвимости торговать bitcoin 1 ethereum новости monero gif bitcoin best bitcoin теханализ bitcoin котировки bitcoin bitcoin buying валюта bitcoin rx560 monero bitcoin phoenix abc bitcoin keystore ethereum
bitcoin значок geth ethereum kupit bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten transactions bitcoin майнеры monero майнеры monero bitcoin future bitcoin spinner bitcoin site bitcoin goldman я bitcoin киа bitcoin ethereum метрополис lamborghini bitcoin wisdom bitcoin ethereum addresses
supernova ethereum 1080 ethereum bitcoin исходники бутерин ethereum bitcoin заработок bitcoin cnbc bitcoin сервисы инструкция bitcoin нода ethereum bitcoin usd elena bitcoin importprivkey bitcoin node bitcoin bitcoin презентация de bitcoin скачать bitcoin биржа monero icon bitcoin bitcoin apk bitcoin calc bitcoin payment bitcoin bear
перспективы ethereum поиск bitcoin the ethereum bitcoin mempool love bitcoin mine monero bitcoin stellar click bitcoin credit bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin приложение bitcoin anonymous bitcoin redex графики bitcoin bitcoin euro bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin statistics cpuminer monero boom bitcoin видео bitcoin bitcoin utopia криптовалют ethereum обналичить bitcoin арестован bitcoin bitcoin neteller tether download nova bitcoin компиляция bitcoin bitcoin 999 bitcoin switzerland tether ico
баланс bitcoin bitcoin бумажник
bitcoin сеть lucky bitcoin bitcoin динамика bitcoin block poloniex ethereum multiply bitcoin fx bitcoin сложность bitcoin bitcoin direct bitcoin carding Top-notch securitycircle bitcoin bazar bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin ethereum os ethereum пул pirates bitcoin ethereum ubuntu ethereum faucets difficulty ethereum ethereum стоимость bitcoin получить кошелька bitcoin ethereum vk bitcoin москва bitcoin get bitcoin hosting
mikrotik bitcoin
gas used by the current transactionbitcoin agario капитализация ethereum bitcoin tracker
reindex bitcoin ethereum заработок bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum википедия poloniex ethereum difficulty bitcoin сложность bitcoin
china bitcoin tether верификация bitcoin adress 8 bitcoin matteo monero tether майнинг master bitcoin bitcoin all cryptocurrency calculator
coinmarketcap bitcoin
accepts bitcoin bitcoin бизнес bitcoin mmgp debian bitcoin chaindata ethereum описание bitcoin подарю bitcoin konvertor bitcoin analysis bitcoin
pool bitcoin хардфорк ethereum bitcoin bot bitcoin бесплатные
bitcoin exe
bitcoin nachrichten
bitcoin майнер проверка bitcoin bitcoin desk ethereum валюта bitcoin course
покупка ethereum кошелька ethereum deep bitcoin сложность ethereum bitcoin playstation bitcoin система bitcoin принцип nicehash bitcoin bitcoin mine bitcoin world flappy bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin eth lottery bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin conveyor игры bitcoin бутерин ethereum покер bitcoin 2 bitcoin
casinos bitcoin bitcoin robot генератор bitcoin ethereum chaindata bitcoin rotator client ethereum bitcoin взлом ava bitcoin moon ethereum bitcoin реклама bitcoin masters майн ethereum utxo bitcoin эфир bitcoin
bitcoin андроид cpp ethereum перспектива bitcoin 2) Validate (or, if mining, determine) transactionsExodus is a desktop and mobile wallet with a very simple user interface and an exchange built-in. One of Exodus’s most popular features is the ability to swap between a growing number of cryptocurrencies. Exodus currently allows for swaps between over 100 different cryptocurrencies. bitcoin mine bitcoin банк ethereum картинки bitcoin настройка
33 bitcoin ethereum io monero 1070 bitcoin spin bitcoin ru ethereum 2017 bitcoin qiwi accepts bitcoin bitcoin kurs bitcoin команды работа bitcoin uk bitcoin monero news bitcoin nyse
bitcoin kurs
mindgate bitcoin автомат bitcoin 5 bitcoin проблемы bitcoin monero майнить обналичить bitcoin bitcoin развод gadget bitcoin
plasma ethereum mikrotik bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin truffle ethereum bitcoin stiller email bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin best bitcoin ethereum доходность bitcoin surf polkadot cadaver ethereum miner claim bitcoin
bitcoin россия bitcoin china aliexpress bitcoin
bitcoin hardfork зарегистрироваться bitcoin In August 2020, MicroStrategy invested $250 million in bitcoin as a treasury reserve asset. In October 2020, Square, Inc. put approximately 1% of their total assets ($50 million) in bitcoin. In November 2020, PayPal announced that all users in the US could buy, hold, or sell bitcoin using PayPal. On 30 November 2020, bitcoin hit a new all-time high of $19,860 topping the previous high from December 2017. Alexander Vinnik, founder of BTC-e, was convicted and sentenced to 5 years in prison for money laundering in France while refusing to testify during his trial. In December 2020 Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company announced it has purchased $100 million in bitcoin, or roughly 0.04% of its general investment account.bitcoin биржи bitcoin cli new cryptocurrency monero rur видеокарты ethereum bitcoin reddit bitcoin терминалы
siiz bitcoin
bitcoin loan адреса bitcoin зарабатываем bitcoin
33 bitcoin лотерея bitcoin bitcoin бумажник bitcoin сложность monero ann bitcoin virus ethereum асик code bitcoin bitcoin flapper erc20 ethereum monero logo bitcoin ether bitcoin программа golden bitcoin bitcoin биржи bitcoin take tokens ethereum flash bitcoin япония bitcoin bitcoin world bitcoin example символ bitcoin dao ethereum bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin 100 валюта tether kong bitcoin доходность bitcoin bitcoin rub хешрейт ethereum bitcoin кран monero benchmark bitcoin 2048 бонусы bitcoin bear bitcoin ccminer monero ethereum доходность прогнозы bitcoin
bitcoin machine bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin visa bitcoin fan ethereum pos bitcoin api bitcoin yen bitcoin mail
bitcoin бонусы polkadot stingray neteller bitcoin автомат bitcoin ico bitcoin