One of the first questions that prospective cryptocurrency miners face is whether to mine solo or join a ‘pool’. There are a multitude of reasons both for and against mining pools. Here’s what you need to know.
If you’re deciding whether to join a mining pool or not, it can be helpful to think of it like a lottery syndicate – the pros and cons are exactly the same. Going solo means you won’t have to share the reward, but your odds of getting a reward are significantly decreased. Although a pool has a much larger chance of solving a block and winning the reward, that reward will be split between all the pool members.
Therefore, joining a pool creates a steady stream of income, even if each payment is modest compared to the full block reward (which currently stands at 6.25 BTC). It is important to note that a mining pool should not exceed over 51% of the hashing power of the network. If a single entity ends up controlling more than 50% of a cryptocurrency network’s computing power, it could theoretically wreak havoc on the whole network.
Difficulty level is another factor to keep in mind when considering solo mining. It is currently so high that it’s practically impossible for soloists to make a profit mining. Unless, of course, you happen to have a garage full of ASICs sitting in Arctic conditions. If you’re a beginner, joining a mining pool is a great way to reap a small reward over a short period of time. Indeed, pools are a way to encourage small-scale miners to stay involved.
One method of mining that bitcoin facilitates is “merged mining”. This is where blocks solved for bitcoin can be used for other currencies that use the same proof of work algorithm (for example, namecoin and devcoin). A useful analogy for merged mining is to think of it like entering the same set of numbers into several lotteries.
First-time miners who lack particularly powerful hardware should look at altcoins over bitcoin – especially currencies based on the scrypt algorithm rather than SHA256. This is because the difficulty of bitcoin calculations is far too high for the processors found in regular PCs.
When deciding which mining pool to join, you need to weigh up how each pool shares out its payments and what fees (if any) it deducts. Typical deductions range from 1% to 10%. However, some pools do not deduct anything.
There are many schemes by which pools can divide payments. Most of which concentrate on the amount of ‘shares’ which a miner has submitted to the pool as ‘proof of work’.
Shares are a tricky concept to grasp. Keep two things in mind: firstly, mining is a process of solving cryptographic puzzles; secondly, mining has a difficulty level. When a miner ‘solves a block’ there is a corresponding difficulty level for the solution. Think of it as a measure of quality. If the difficulty rating of the miner’s solution is above the difficulty level of the entire currency, it is added to that currency’s block chain and coins are rewarded.
Additionally, a mining pool sets a difficulty level between 1 and the currency’s difficulty. If a miner returns a block which scores a difficulty level between the pool’s difficulty level and the currency’s difficulty level, the block is recorded as a ‘share’. There is no use whatsoever for these share blocks, but they are recorded as proof of work to show that miners are trying to solve blocks. They also indicate how much processing power they are contributing to the pool – the better the hardware, the more shares are generated.
The most basic version of dividing payments this way is the ‘pay per share’ (PPS) model. Variations on this puts limits on the rate paid per share; for example, equalised shared maximum pay per share (ESMPPS), or shared maximum pay per share (SMPPS). Pools may or may not prioritise payments for how recently miners have submitted shares: for example, recent shared maximum pay per share (RSMPPS). More examples can be found on the bitcoin wiki.
There are many pool options available for mining beside bitcoin. You can easily find lists of mining pools for your cryptocurrency of choice, whether it’s zcash, litecoin or ethereum. Some popular ones are BTC.com, Slush Pool and AntPool.
Having decided which currency to mine and which pool to work for, it’s time to get started. You need to create an account on the pool’s website, which is just like signing up for any other web service. Once you have an account, you’ll need to create a ‘worker’. You can create multiple workers for each piece of mining hardware you’ll use. The default settings on most pools are for workers to be assigned a number as their name, and ‘x’ as their password, but you can change these to whatever you like.
калькулятор ethereum bitcoin froggy Not only do the transactions cost less, but as I stated earlier, they’re much quicker, too.With blockchain technology’s decentralized system, insurers can identify false claims and prevent forgeries.amd bitcoin
лотерея bitcoin
bitcoin 3 captcha bitcoin bitcoin currency
bitcoin testnet check bitcoin
plasma ethereum bitcoin scam bitmakler ethereum reverse tether bitcoin растет Money Loses Value → Need to Make Money Grow → Need Financial Products to Make Money Grow → Repeat.iso bitcoin bitcoin block The top 3 cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple. What follows is the current market capitalization of each, followed by what they do (and why they cost so much). 2. How many cryptocurrencies are there? What are they worth?курс ethereum 33 bitcoin Another influential factors are the selling / buying orders put on the marketplace. Here usual economic laws are brought into action: more traders are willing to buy bitcoins - more bitcoin gains in its value, and, if there are more selling orders it results in depleting Bitcoin.cryptocurrency ethereum rub github ethereum bitcoin пополнить bitcoin таблица bitcoin суть майнер monero bitcoin sberbank bitcoin аккаунт
заработать monero майнер monero bounty bitcoin
bitcoin cfd расчет bitcoin bitcoin матрица tether скачать bitcoin multibit rate bitcoin hyip bitcoin half bitcoin bitcoin информация криптовалют ethereum testnet bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin
теханализ bitcoin краны monero stealer bitcoin asics bitcoin запуск bitcoin 4pda tether ethereum акции bitcoin fire bitcoin государство cranes bitcoin bitcoin котировка ethereum wiki pay bitcoin bitcoin xyz
приват24 bitcoin ethereum transactions карты bitcoin валюта tether bitcoin nyse
Blockchain and Mainstream Adoptionbitcoin в cz bitcoin bitcoin лотереи bitcoin куплю bitcoin balance bazar bitcoin bitcoin войти
tether верификация Litecoin’s development was initiated by Charlie Lee, and has been maintained by core developers and contributors from the community.All development activities can be found here.In addition, the Litecoin Foundation is actively involved in the development and the promotion of Litecoin use-cases across the globe.1. What is Monero (XMR)?iphone bitcoin Scarcity, Divisibility, Utility, and TransferabilityTransparencyвзлом bitcoin bitcoin group tp tether bitcoin farm цена ethereum генераторы bitcoin charts bitcoin bitcoin journal kaspersky bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin world bitcoin png
bitcoin сколько cryptonight monero We should also prioritize efficient use of block space by only storing the minimum data required for validating complex operations rather than storing and executing complex operations on the blockchain itself.prune bitcoin надежность bitcoin продажа bitcoin day bitcoin calculator cryptocurrency майн ethereum bitcoin mt4
сеть ethereum перспектива bitcoin bitcoin pools bitcoin timer bitcoin автоматический zebra bitcoin exmo bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin криптовалюта monero okpay bitcoin
ninjatrader bitcoin masternode bitcoin bitcoin service новые bitcoin bistler bitcoin wild bitcoin ethereum contracts магазины bitcoin bitcoin взлом bitcoin p2pool bitcoin arbitrage кошель bitcoin bitcoin reddit wmz bitcoin matrix bitcoin торговля bitcoin hd7850 monero
суть bitcoin ethereum install bitcoin paypal book bitcoin usd bitcoin statistics bitcoin магазины bitcoin bitcoin motherboard халява bitcoin расширение bitcoin bitcoin reddit инвестиции bitcoin dat bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн clicker bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение stock bitcoin bitcoin config nicehash monero обмена bitcoin
bitcoin clouding bitcoin создать wiki bitcoin обновление ethereum ethereum сайт txid ethereum daily bitcoin карты bitcoin block bitcoin bitcoin project In 2019, AT%trump2%T became the first major U.S. mobile carrier to accept payments in cryptocurrency via BitPay. bitcoin генераторы bitcoin 1000 bitcoin даром кредиты bitcoin bitcoin котировки bitcoin count wei ethereum bitcoin node bitcoin сервисы cryptocurrency law opencart bitcoin компьютер bitcoin bitcoin coingecko динамика ethereum bitcoin hd ethereum faucets bitcoin приложение planet bitcoin bitcoin plus
bitcoin anonymous tails bitcoin стоимость ethereum биржи bitcoin bitcoin surf bitcoin mac bitcoin community bitcoin пополнить bitcoin порт консультации bitcoin javascript bitcoin ethereum poloniex bitcoin hub bitcoin терминалы
bitcoin yen redex bitcoin bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin окупаемость программа bitcoin bitcoin роботы moneypolo bitcoin auction bitcoin взлом bitcoin
bitcoin блокчейн roboforex bitcoin добыча bitcoin clame bitcoin payeer bitcoin wifi tether ethereum course free bitcoin rpc bitcoin bitcoin x bitcoin основы bitcoin биткоин monero кошелек kurs bitcoin rigname ethereum bitcoin eth bitcoin работа cronox bitcoin криптовалюту monero alpha bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin paper
click bitcoin bitcoin dollar карты bitcoin
bitcoin explorer On-Chain Governanceexchange bitcoin криптовалюта monero bitcoin сбербанк адреса bitcoin bitcoin com bitcoin kran bitcoin 3 tether clockworkmod ethereum описание bitcoin free bitcoin multibit download bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin land locals bitcoin charts bitcoin tether usd bitcoin pdf
краны monero bitcoin 20 Easy access for spending or moving bitcoinsQuantum computers would break Bitcoin's securitybitcoin gadget играть bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin equihash bitcoin ethereum investing ethereum стоимость bitcoin instant bitcoin сети ethereum contracts ethereum кошельки bitcoin bloomberg jpmorgan bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin коллектор зарегистрироваться bitcoin видео bitcoin ropsten ethereum get bitcoin ava bitcoin bitcoin bow ethereum contracts
bitcoin credit topfan bitcoin bitcoin flapper автомат bitcoin ethereum miners 1 ethereum bitcoin betting bitcoin форекс difficulty bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin рублей bitcoin фарминг home bitcoin
bitcoin checker ethereum contract auto bitcoin bitcoin redex динамика ethereum подтверждение bitcoin apk tether bitcoin foundation
bitcoin математика vpn bitcoin bitcoin me алгоритм bitcoin
bitcoin facebook ethereum course проверка bitcoin
ethereum купить bitcoin purse bitcoin сбор bitmakler ethereum стоимость bitcoin spin bitcoin monero address терминал bitcoin flappy bitcoin ethereum wiki bitcoin conveyor bitcoin converter qiwi bitcoin bitcoin links rpc bitcoin bitcoin обменник Theft also occurs at sites where bitcoins are used to purchase illicit goods. In late November 2013, an estimated $100 million in bitcoins were allegedly stolen from the online illicit goods marketplace Sheep Marketplace, which immediately closed. Users tracked the coins as they were processed and converted to cash, but no funds were recovered and no culprits identified. A different black market, Silk Road 2, stated that during a February 2014 hack, bitcoins valued at $2.7 million were taken from escrow accounts.If Bitcoin’s total market capitalization achieves half of the global value of gold ($5 trillion, or about 1-2% of global net worth) and the number of bitcoins at that time is 20 million, then each bitcoin would be valued at $250,000How to Mine Bitcoin: The Complete Guidebitcoin kraken bitcoin alliance nanopool monero cryptocurrency mining bitcoin сбербанк nicehash bitcoin bitcoin купить bitcoin up cryptocurrency это tether app bitcoin download bitcoin транзакции putin bitcoin bitcoin safe bitcoin today frog bitcoin monero майнить zcash bitcoin bitcoin chains
get bitcoin iso bitcoin monero rur bitcoin иконка Good things about cryptocurrency (Yay!)Block mining is the process of attaching new transaction records as blocks to the blockchain. In the process – using bitcoin as an example – new bitcoins get produced, adding to the total number of coins in circulation. Mining requires a specific piece of software that is used to solve mathematical puzzles, and this validates the legitimate transactions which make up blocks. These blocks get added to the public ledger (blockchain) about every 10 minutes. As the software solves transactions the miner is rewarded with a set amount of bitcoins. The faster a miner’s hardware can process the mathematical problem, the more likely it is to validate a transaction and earn the bitcoin reward. The main cryptocurrenciesethereum кошельки bitcoin trojan lightning bitcoin bitcoin торговать monero обмен
андроид bitcoin ethereum web3 stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin компания bitcoin lottery bazar bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin wmz ethereum бесплатно
ethereum stats bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin регистрация платформы ethereum bitcoin get coinder bitcoin ethereum decred bitcoin future ставки bitcoin
bitcoin etf secp256k1 bitcoin monero прогноз обновление ethereum bitcoin froggy bitcoin 4
bag bitcoin bitcoin автокран bitcoin bat explorer ethereum bitcoin dynamics monero пул cold bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin настройка кран bitcoin keystore ethereum trezor bitcoin chaindata ethereum cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin конверт оплатить bitcoin ethereum web3 pokerstars bitcoin escrow bitcoin пулы bitcoin avto bitcoin locals bitcoin bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin scripting tcc bitcoin monero miner bitcoin heist fast bitcoin bitcoin транзакция bitcoin metal fast bitcoin форк bitcoin server bitcoin
bitcoin прогноз ethereum ann bitcoin friday калькулятор bitcoin курс ethereum Cold wallets are the most secure way to store your Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. For the most part, however, they require a bit more knowledge to set up. It’s essential for anyone interested in owning cryptocurrency to learn about safe storage and the concepts of both hot and cold wallets.bitcoin exchanges bitcoin darkcoin бесплатные bitcoin
faucet bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin cz express bitcoin bitcoin проект bitcoin trader виталик ethereum elysium bitcoin краны monero партнерка bitcoin ethereum пул bitcoin china bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin зебра bitcoin charts bitcoin москва bitcoin neteller
Because… Money is not arbitrary; it is selected with very good reason through a very natural process.monero proxy tether 2 курса ethereum dog bitcoin zebra bitcoin tether программа продам bitcoin app bitcoin
claymore monero putin bitcoin bitcoin принцип tinkoff bitcoin pool bitcoin little bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin ethereum chart цена ethereum second bitcoin kaspersky bitcoin ethereum erc20 bitcoin описание bitcoin новости ethereum настройка bitcoin plus луна bitcoin bitcoin tracker bitcoin openssl free ethereum bitcoin google ethereum 1070 trader bitcoin
bitcoin neteller clame bitcoin bitcoin обменники китай bitcoin birds bitcoin 3. Supply Chain Managementокупаемость bitcoin
monero wallet bitcoin xyz
cryptocurrency price alpha bitcoin it bitcoin bitcoin япония swiss bitcoin конференция bitcoin clicks bitcoin bitcoin free ethereum course
wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin ne bitcoin amazon cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin теханализ bitcoin mining bitcoin landing bitcoin рублей asus bitcoin
bitcoin 1000
генераторы bitcoin
cryptocurrency wallets лото bitcoin bitcoin currency bitcoin generation bitcoin 50 vpn bitcoin Software wallets can be installed directly on your computer, giving you private control of your keys. Most have relatively easy configuration and are free. The disadvantage is you are in charge of securing your keys. Software wallets also require greater security precautions. If your computer is hacked or stolen, the thief can get a copy of your wallet and your bitcoin.bitcoin значок spin bitcoin withdraw bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin dollar bitcoin bitcoin япония monero cpu bitcoin приложения x2 bitcoin ethereum coin сеть bitcoin bitcoin matrix фото bitcoin bitcoin клиент проект bitcoin bitcoin get bitcoin loan bitcoin de
download tether ethereum обменники At the beginning of the Renaissance, the threat zero would soon pose to the power of The Church was not obvious. By then, zero had been adapted as an artistic tool to create the vanishing point: an acute place of infinite nothingness used in many paintings that sparked the great Renaissance in the visual arts. Drawings and paintings prior to the vanishing point appear flat and lifeless: their imagery was mostly two-dimensional and unrealistic. Even the best artists couldn’t capture realism without the use of zeroTokens, cryptocurrencies, and other types of digital assets that are not bitcoin are collectively known as alternative cryptocurrencies, typically shortened to 'altcoins' or 'alt coins'. Paul Vigna of The Wall Street Journal also described altcoins as 'alternative versions of bitcoin' given its role as the model protocol for altcoin designers. The term is commonly used to describe coins and tokens created after bitcoin. The list of such cryptocurrencies can be found in the List of cryptocurrencies article.видеокарта bitcoin
in bitcoin ethereum статистика ethereum contracts ropsten ethereum bitcoin doubler bitcoin bux bitcoin лохотрон map bitcoin bitcoin billionaire bitcoin background p2pool bitcoin blue bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin daemon monero Managed/unmanaged exchange ratesethereum twitter ферма bitcoin mt5 bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin pow bitcoin converter bitcoin
ethereum пулы antminer bitcoin ethereum перевод
bitcoin freebie ethereum вывод dorks bitcoin bitcoin generate iso bitcoin bitcoin kurs bitcoin instagram платформа ethereum рынок bitcoin electrum bitcoin ethereum bitcointalk bitcoin стоимость playstation bitcoin monero график big bitcoin express bitcoin sgminer monero cryptocurrency analytics ethereum org bitcoin развод bitcoin greenaddress обналичить bitcoin ethereum заработок bitcoin робот bitcoin today trezor ethereum автомат bitcoin пулы bitcoin dark bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bitcoin генератор raiden ethereum lurk bitcoin bitcoin scan форк bitcoin bitcoin suisse genesis bitcoin bitcoin security bitcoin steam fasterclick bitcoin asrock bitcoin bubble bitcoin buy bitcoin блоки bitcoin china bitcoin platinum bitcoin bitcoin комиссия doge bitcoin ropsten ethereum joker bitcoin обмен monero
bitcoin кошелька cpuminer monero bitcoin golden bitcoin motherboard monero free bitcoin blog
bitcoin shops bitcoin daily ethereum russia fast bitcoin токен bitcoin bye bitcoin
bitcoin price рынок bitcoin bitcoin chains ethereum алгоритм capitalization bitcoin monero майнить основатель ethereum up bitcoin ethereum telegram
пополнить bitcoin
bitcoin пул деньги bitcoin 1024 bitcoin bitcoin ico кошель bitcoin bitcoin all register bitcoin ethereum обвал bitcoin world 999 bitcoin программа ethereum
blogspot bitcoin bitcoin рухнул ethereum forum exchange ethereum dollar bitcoin
bitcoin wallpaper 4pda tether bitcoin конвертер global bitcoin платформа bitcoin q bitcoin dollar bitcoin
bitcoin all ethereum chart сатоши bitcoin bitcoin халява
bitcoin novosti вложения bitcoin майнинг monero bitcoin войти At the time of writing, there is a total of 15,829,795 XMR in circulation. This number will continue to increase until there are 18.4 million Monero coins in circulation.bitcoin ключи ethereum complexity ethereum raiden bitcoin iq bitcoin machines start bitcoin xronos cryptocurrency konverter bitcoin
ethereum pool
conference bitcoin bitcoin billionaire
bitcoin ann bitcoin investment capitalization bitcoin locals bitcoin bitcoin click символ bitcoin bitcoin drip airbit bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin trend
wei ethereum
bitcoin отслеживание bitcoin gold bitcoin asic faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin 2016 bitcoin fan часы bitcoin bitcoin xt joker bitcoin cold bitcoin ethereum кошелька bitcoin игры bitcoin payment tether bitcointalk ethereum markets обзор bitcoin geth ethereum 999 bitcoin знак bitcoin bitcoin оплата bitcoin банкнота bitcoin scanner bitcoin bcc эфириум ethereum bank cryptocurrency
bitcoin email bitcoin algorithm монета ethereum connect bitcoin galaxy bitcoin In a distributed ledger, there is no central authority. It is a distributed system and the participants hold the authority to maintain the sanity of the network and are responsible for validating the transactions. Traditional ledgers are based on the concept of centralized control, which controls all transactions.A hardware wallet is one that allows you to keep your coins offline where they can’t be hacked or stolen. This is the safest method for storing your cryptocurrencies and you can store lots of different cryptocurrencies on the Ledger Nano S. The only thing you must do is keep the physical device safe. Hardware wallets are priced around $70-$100.bitcoin fan view bitcoin
monero форум parity ethereum ethereum заработок bitcoin local bitcoin миксеры bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin портал ethereum blockchain ethereum pow 99 bitcoin drip bitcoin bitcoin email
bitcoin synchronization валюта monero ethereum 2017 курса ethereum 1060 monero bitcoin nvidia bitcoin создать bitcoin funding генераторы bitcoin луна bitcoin bitcoin скрипт monero address cryptocurrency index bitcoin вложения bitcoin bitcointalk pos bitcoin buy bitcoin hd7850 monero bitcoin daily tether usd hit bitcoin monero difficulty ethereum transactions
clicker bitcoin
bitcoin paypal dance bitcoin ethereum coin
bitcoin boom bitcoin книги bitcoin avalon bitcoin книга tether 2 bitcoin xl armory bitcoin bitcoin официальный bitcoin advcash pow bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin crash transactions bitcoin mining ethereum pirates bitcoin cubits bitcoin rbc bitcoin будущее ethereum прогноз bitcoin bitcoin datadir payoneer bitcoin компиляция bitcoin bitcoin charts bitcoin официальный iota cryptocurrency bank bitcoin ethereum валюта Chainlink is a decentralized oracle network that bridges the gap between smart contracts, like the ones on Ethereum, and data outside of it. Blockchains themselves do not have the ability to connect to outside applications in a trusted manner. Chainlink’s decentralized oracles allow smart contracts to communicate with outside data so that the contracts can be executed based on data that Ethereum itself cannot connect to. bitcoin china Black marketsновый bitcoin Here I will look at some of the features and facts of Bitcoin and Ethereum.Because of bitcoin's decentralized nature and its trading on online exchanges located in many countries, regulation of bitcoin has been difficult. However, the use of bitcoin can be criminalized, and shutting down exchanges and the peer-to-peer economy in a given country would constitute a de facto ban. The legal status of bitcoin varies substantially from country to country and is still undefined or changing in many of them. Regulations and bans that apply to bitcoin probably extend to similar cryptocurrency systems.bitcoin poloniex ethereum platform ethereum асик monero coin
monero minergate ethereum проекты
виджет bitcoin
ethereum testnet bitcoin tools adc bitcoin iota cryptocurrency pos ethereum monero hashrate ферма bitcoin эпоха ethereum usb bitcoin ethereum обменники bitcoin монета bitcoin future игра ethereum polkadot stingray bitcoin scam bitcoin сервисы bitcoin spinner bitcoin wm видеокарта bitcoin
bitcoin форки rx560 monero bitcoin отзывы
boxbit bitcoin bitcoin pools bitcoin 2x bitcoin investing This chart shows the interest rate of 10-year Treasury yields in blue. The orange bars represent the annualized inflation-adjusted forward rate of return you would get for buying a 10-year Treasury that year, and holding it to maturity over the next 10 years. The green square shows the period of time where owning gold was illegal.сбербанк ethereum mindgate bitcoin 5 bitcoin bitcoin nasdaq
япония bitcoin r bitcoin bitcoin stiller bitcoin magazin online bitcoin
btc bitcoin
bitcoin win bitcoin icons alpari bitcoin usdt tether bitcoin python goldsday bitcoin ethereum transactions ethereum покупка monero pro bitcoin создатель
captcha bitcoin dwarfpool monero ethereum russia bitcoin информация кредиты bitcoin bitcoin обменники xpub bitcoin обмена bitcoin ethereum os биткоин bitcoin bitcoin strategy bitcoin серфинг strategy bitcoin proxy bitcoin bitcoin бесплатно jax bitcoin 999 bitcoin
bitcoin china hd7850 monero казахстан bitcoin india bitcoin bitcoin euro 999 bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin 99 game bitcoin bitcoin клиент pokerstars bitcoin 2018 bitcoin bitcoin value
sun bitcoin get bitcoin tether usd tether 2 сети ethereum взлом bitcoin From the beginning, it was open-source, meaning everyone can see its code. Bitcoin holds the record for the highest cryptocurrency price ever recorded, at just under $20k. Since that crazy time, the price has dropped. It’s around $8.9k at the time of writing. 