Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
bitcoin earn Ethereum, the world’s second-largest cryptocurrency by market cap, was created in 2013 specifically for creating smart contracts. To date, it is the most popular platform for doing so. antminer bitcoin bitcoin ishlash bitcoin plus bitcoin 2048 The 'Price Channel' Theorys bitcoin скачать tether bitcoin зебра bitcoin арбитраж bitcoin statistics bitcoin cc avatrade bitcoin сети bitcoin заработать monero автомат bitcoin adbc bitcoin it bitcoin bitcoin airbit is bitcoin bitcoin установка lazy bitcoin разработчик ethereum банк bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin
добыча bitcoin
виталик ethereum ethereum miners bitcoin usd новый bitcoin bitcoin legal bitcoin sha256 ethereum кошельки mmm bitcoin bitcoin автоматически best cryptocurrency
bitcoin прогноз количество bitcoin bitcoin ферма iso bitcoin monero coin earn bitcoin second bitcoin ethereum dag ethereum прибыльность ethereum прибыльность компьютер bitcoin ethereum io аналитика bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin валюты
ethereum алгоритм monero пул bitcoin development group bitcoin ethereum цена reddit cryptocurrency mine ethereum ethereum обмен ethereum статистика bitcoin land
зарабатывать bitcoin
bitcoin maps bitcoin котировка программа ethereum monero client titan bitcoin
ethereum coin
bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin банк minergate bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin knots
lightning bitcoin bitcoin life ethereum script партнерка bitcoin tabtrader bitcoin bitcoin bow miner bitcoin bitcoin advcash top bitcoin фермы bitcoin trading cryptocurrency mooning bitcoin bitcoin reward rate bitcoin bitcoin metatrader ropsten ethereum играть bitcoin konvert bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitcoin информация ethereum акции платформ ethereum транзакции monero bitcoin цены tera bitcoin ethereum доходность bitcoin win system bitcoin bitcoin stock time bitcoin
cryptocurrency dash oil bitcoin bitcoin пополнить bitcoin community
ethereum сбербанк bitcoin coin converter bitcoin minergate monero bitcoin 2000 bitcoin прогноз bitcoin fees boom bitcoin bitcoin сбор puzzle bitcoin bitcoin luxury bitcoin reklama рулетка bitcoin decred ethereum bitcoin blue prune bitcoin
p2pool ethereum bitcoin прогноз habrahabr bitcoin blog bitcoin bitcoin neteller bitcoin cny bitcoin zone android tether bitcoin выиграть bitcoin официальный ethereum адрес bitcoin cnbc bitcoin lottery algorithm bitcoin tp tether бесплатные bitcoin ethereum stats tether 4pda system bitcoin express bitcoin bitcoin step bitcoin magazin rpg bitcoin avatrade bitcoin обмен tether tether apk bio bitcoin carding bitcoin таблица bitcoin second bitcoin bitcoin андроид bitcoin swiss
bitcoin click xmr monero
bitcoin x2 bitcoin история bitcoin блок ecopayz bitcoin 0 bitcoin boom bitcoin 777 bitcoin bitcoin core explorer ethereum tether перевод mikrotik bitcoin
bitcoin rpg bitcoin collector bitcoin pay tera bitcoin
attack bitcoin приват24 bitcoin сокращение bitcoin пример bitcoin clame bitcoin регистрация bitcoin tether android bitcoin in иконка bitcoin bitcoin genesis
uk bitcoin 999 bitcoin bitcoin lucky bitcoin валюты bitcoin торги moneybox bitcoin bitcoin in bitcoin биткоин collector bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin фермы
ethereum gold mac bitcoin github ethereum
monero hardware асик ethereum bitcoin q panda bitcoin cryptocurrency market tether верификация trade cryptocurrency bitcoin mac wallets cryptocurrency stealer bitcoin bitcoin quotes
bitcoin монеты
monero обменять ethereum создатель новости bitcoin ethereum twitter bitcoin платформа книга bitcoin bitcoin euro best bitcoin ethereum ротаторы ethereum buy bitcoin start платформ ethereum With bitcoin, it is possible to forego the fees of using a payment processor or provider, and simply integrate payments into your own custom system. Those with a technical background have achieved this, such as Stephen Early, who integrated bitcoin payments into the POS system of his UK pubs single-handedly.Stablecoinsbitcoin spin In Ethereum, the state is made up of objects called 'accounts', with each account having a 20-byte address and state transitions being direct transfers of value and information between accounts. An Ethereum account contains four fields:segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin wm шифрование bitcoin bitcoin обмен poloniex ethereum кран bitcoin
bitcoin plus500
blockchain monero криптовалюту monero cryptocurrency wallet приват24 bitcoin протокол bitcoin reddit bitcoin laundering bitcoin символ bitcoin ethereum casino bitcoin теханализ bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin компьютер ethereum api протокол bitcoin usd bitcoin china bitcoin monero пулы bitcoin рухнул цена ethereum ethereum валюта кошелек tether bitcoin конец bitcoin wm
korbit bitcoin новости bitcoin froggy bitcoin bitcoin hunter ava bitcoin currency bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin начало лотерея bitcoin bitcoin адрес bitcoin prominer bitcoin surf ethereum blockchain
bitcoin сервисы bitcoin упал
bitcoin video ethereum валюта bitcoin stock bitcoin accelerator ethereum wikipedia unconfirmed bitcoin key bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin ферма сделки bitcoin bitcoin novosti
кошелек tether bitcoin video генераторы bitcoin jpmorgan bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin faucet кредиты bitcoin weekend bitcoin cryptocurrency dash bitcoin daily bitcoin symbol bitcoin mine ethereum стоимость программа tether bitcoin кошелек bitcoin шифрование bear bitcoin bitcoin symbol ethereum forks bitcoin цены bitcoin 10
usb tether bitcoin poloniex cryptocurrency trading monero xmr сборщик bitcoin cryptocurrency это mail bitcoin cold bitcoin monero продать
пул bitcoin programming bitcoin 1 ethereum bitcoin drip bitcoin зарегистрироваться monero free msigna bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin криптовалюту monero bitcoin box создатель bitcoin bitcoin pay litecoin bitcoin Capitalization / Nomenclaturevalue bitcoin buy ethereum airbit bitcoin bitcoin boxbit ethereum vk автосборщик bitcoin
ethereum курс bitcoin видео bitcoin game ethereum casino mastercard bitcoin reklama bitcoin monero сложность stellar cryptocurrency alliance bitcoin ethereum 1070 отзывы ethereum korbit bitcoin korbit bitcoin If a miner solves and proposes an invalid block, specifically one that either includes invalid transactions or an invalid coinbase reward, the rest of the network will reject it as invalid. Separately, if a miner builds off a version of history that does not represent the longest chain with the greatest proof of work, any proposed block would also be considered invalid. Essentially, as soon as a miner sees a new valid block proposed in the network, it must immediately begin to work on top of that block or risk falling behind and performing invalid work at a sunk cost. As a consequence, in either scenario, if a miner were to produce invalid work, it would incur real cost but would be compensated nothing in return.бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin mempool habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin google скрипт bitcoin bitcoin explorer альпари bitcoin bitcoin lite
scrypt bitcoin raiden ethereum monero blockchain grayscale bitcoin
bitcoin генераторы конец bitcoin приложения bitcoin bitcoin market удвоитель bitcoin Ether Use Cases'The technology for this revolution—and it surely will be both a social and economic revolution—has existed in theory for the past decade. The methods are based upon public-key encryption, zero-knowledge interactive proof systems, and various software protocols for interaction, authentication, and verification. The focus has until now been on academic conferences in Europe and the U.S., conferences monitored closely by the National Security Agency. But only recently have computer networks and personal computers attained sufficient speed to make the ideas practically realizable.'1080 ethereum bitcoin land trade cryptocurrency monero обменять обменники bitcoin bitcoin nasdaq
polkadot ico сбербанк ethereum bitcoin node bitcoin вектор bitcoin бизнес code bitcoin
bitcoin community bitcoin tube cudaminer bitcoin monero proxy registration bitcoin bitcoin монет rates bitcoin bitcoin капитализация bitcoin poloniex будущее ethereum видео bitcoin mixer bitcoin king bitcoin
bitcoin значок bitcoin торрент bitcoin blockchain mine ethereum криптовалют ethereum bitcoin настройка
mt5 bitcoin bitcoin сервисы
ethereum eth кошелька bitcoin average bitcoin кошелька ethereum bitcoin song bitcoin telegram
bitcoin шахты скачать bitcoin форумы bitcoin bitcoin мошенничество ethereum blockchain часы bitcoin poker bitcoin динамика ethereum magic bitcoin bitcoin prices abc bitcoin donate bitcoin
обменники bitcoin bitcoin q seed bitcoin халява bitcoin bitcoin бонусы bitcoin reindex ethereum pools monero client planet bitcoin bitcoin генератор You might remember how I explained earlier that the blockchain is decentralized, meaning that no single authority has control over the network. This also means that the blockchain does not need a third party intermediary to confirm a movement of funds.bitcoin price ethereum shares double bitcoin roulette bitcoin bitcoin machines bitcoin in monero алгоритм
проблемы bitcoin bitcoin lurk avatrade bitcoin clockworkmod tether cgminer ethereum bitcoin пример bitcoin quotes bitcoin obmen bitcoin blog вход bitcoin tether io bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin org bitcoin будущее bitcoin x java bitcoin
ethereum russia
падение ethereum check bitcoin
doge bitcoin bitcoin traffic addnode bitcoin вход bitcoin bitcoin 3 хайпы bitcoin dwarfpool monero ethereum ферма bitcoin mac bitcoin darkcoin кредит bitcoin car bitcoin bitcoin usd donate bitcoin bitcoin paw
top bitcoin trading bitcoin monaco cryptocurrency titan bitcoin ethereum code bitcoin motherboard bitcoin скрипты проекты bitcoin bitcoin bounty bitcoin biz криптовалюту monero bitcoin форекс bitcoin настройка ethereum github vector bitcoin amazon bitcoin ava bitcoin
рынок bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм windows bitcoin bitcoin cards ethereum краны bitcoin yandex alipay bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin blake bitcoin
tether верификация ethereum перевод запросы bitcoin bootstrap tether bitcoin фарм bitcoin государство bitcoin com bitcoin community bitcoin таблица ethereum rub doge bitcoin bitcoin monkey xpub bitcoin bitcoin price протокол bitcoin bitcoin lottery
mining monero рост bitcoin партнерка bitcoin ethereum падает monero ann local ethereum bitcoin store genesis bitcoin
exchange cryptocurrency bitcoin payza x2 bitcoin ethereum кошелька 50000 bitcoin ethereum investing bitcoin block bitcoin hunter заработок bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin кошелька bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin kran
free bitcoin bestchange bitcoin ethereum упал claim bitcoin bitcoin 3 xronos cryptocurrency bitcoin lion вход bitcoin компания bitcoin ethereum news разработчик ethereum linux ethereum
clockworkmod tether programming bitcoin korbit bitcoin bitcoin safe история bitcoin apple bitcoin ethereum проблемы приват24 bitcoin
ethereum rotator rise cryptocurrency bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin oil bitcoin рейтинг tether транскрипция bitcoin cz bitcoin nvidia bitcoin net webmoney bitcoin bitcoin switzerland bitcoin ключи bitcoin банк fenix bitcoin исходники bitcoin zebra bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin monero film bitcoin фото bitcoin san bitcoin monero краны ethereum ios bitcoin pools bitcoin таблица ethereum клиент wikipedia cryptocurrency cryptocurrency php bitcoin 3 bitcoin
electrum ethereum ethereum 1070 putin bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine bitcoin 33 bitcoin take bitcoin greenaddress
история ethereum bitcoin прогноз bitcoin virus
Well, they’ve lost 98% of their value since the Federal Reserve started creating them.зарабатывать bitcoin ethereum habrahabr q bitcoin 2016 bitcoin пицца bitcoin kong bitcoin анализ bitcoin cryptocurrency index bitcoin lucky форк bitcoin bitcoin сайты What Is a Bitcoin Wallet?bitcoin token bitcoin сети блог bitcoin кредит bitcoin цена ethereum geth ethereum hosting bitcoin bonus bitcoin wordpress bitcoin символ bitcoin bitcoin q bitcoin комиссия заработок bitcoin майнинг monero ethereum dark bitcoin отзывы bitcoin оборот reddit cryptocurrency testnet bitcoin importprivkey bitcoin satoshi bitcoin 