Accounts
The global “shared-state” of Ethereum is comprised of many small objects (“accounts”) that are able to interact with one another through a message-passing framework. Each account has a state associated with it and a 20-byte address. An address in Ethereum is a 160-bit identifier that is used to identify any account.
There are two types of accounts:
Externally owned accounts, which are controlled by private keys and have no code associated with them.
Contract accounts, which are controlled by their contract code and have code associated with them.
Image for post
Externally owned accounts vs. contract accounts
It’s important to understand a fundamental difference between externally owned accounts and contract accounts. An externally owned account can send messages to other externally owned accounts OR to other contract accounts by creating and signing a transaction using its private key. A message between two externally owned accounts is simply a value transfer. But a message from an externally owned account to a contract account activates the contract account’s code, allowing it to perform various actions (e.g. transfer tokens, write to internal storage, mint new tokens, perform some calculation, create new contracts, etc.).
Unlike externally owned accounts, contract accounts can’t initiate new transactions on their own. Instead, contract accounts can only fire transactions in response to other transactions they have received (from an externally owned account or from another contract account). We’ll learn more about contract-to-contract calls in the “Transactions and Messages” section.
Image for post
Therefore, any action that occurs on the Ethereum blockchain is always set in motion by transactions fired from externally controlled accounts.
Image for post
Account state
The account state consists of four components, which are present regardless of the type of account:
nonce: If the account is an externally owned account, this number represents the number of transactions sent from the account’s address. If the account is a contract account, the nonce is the number of contracts created by the account.
balance: The number of Wei owned by this address. There are 1e+18 Wei per Ether.
storageRoot: A hash of the root node of a Merkle Patricia tree (we’ll explain Merkle trees later on). This tree encodes the hash of the storage contents of this account, and is empty by default.
codeHash: The hash of the EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine — more on this later) code of this account. For contract accounts, this is the code that gets hashed and stored as the codeHash. For externally owned accounts, the codeHash field is the hash of the empty string.
Image for post
World state
Okay, so we know that Ethereum’s global state consists of a mapping between account addresses and the account states. This mapping is stored in a data structure known as a Merkle Patricia tree.
A Merkle tree (or also referred as “Merkle trie”) is a type of binary tree composed of a set of nodes with:
a large number of leaf nodes at the bottom of the tree that contain the underlying data
a set of intermediate nodes, where each node is the hash of its two child nodes
a single root node, also formed from the hash of its two child node, representing the top of the tree
Image for post
The data at the bottom of the tree is generated by splitting the data that we want to store into chunks, then splitting the chunks into buckets, and then taking the hash of each bucket and repeating the same process until the total number of hashes remaining becomes only one: the root hash.
Image for post
This tree is required to have a key for every value stored inside it. Beginning from the root node of the tree, the key should tell you which child node to follow to get to the corresponding value, which is stored in the leaf nodes. In Ethereum’s case, the key/value mapping for the state tree is between addresses and their associated accounts, including the balance, nonce, codeHash, and storageRoot for each account (where the storageRoot is itself a tree).
Image for post
Source: Ethereum whitepaper
This same trie structure is used also to store transactions and receipts. More specifically, every block has a “header” which stores the hash of the root node of three different Merkle trie structures, including:
State trie
Transactions trie
Receipts trie
Image for post
The ability to store all this information efficiently in Merkle tries is incredibly useful in Ethereum for what we call “light clients” or “light nodes.” Remember that a blockchain is maintained by a bunch of nodes. Broadly speaking, there are two types of nodes: full nodes and light nodes.
A full archive node synchronizes the blockchain by downloading the full chain, from the genesis block to the current head block, executing all of the transactions contained within. Typically, miners store the full archive node, because they are required to do so for the mining process. It is also possible to download a full node without executing every transaction. Regardless, any full node contains the entire chain.
But unless a node needs to execute every transaction or easily query historical data, there’s really no need to store the entire chain. This is where the concept of a light node comes in. Instead of downloading and storing the full chain and executing all of the transactions, light nodes download only the chain of headers, from the genesis block to the current head, without executing any transactions or retrieving any associated state. Because light nodes have access to block headers, which contain hashes of three tries, they can still easily generate and receive verifiable answers about transactions, events, balances, etc.
The reason this works is because hashes in the Merkle tree propagate upward — if a malicious user attempts to swap a fake transaction into the bottom of a Merkle tree, this change will cause a change in the hash of the node above, which will change the hash of the node above that, and so on, until it eventually changes the root of the tree.
Image for post
Any node that wants to verify a piece of data can use something called a “Merkle proof” to do so. A Merkle proof consists of:
A chunk of data to be verified and its hash
The root hash of the tree
The “branch” (all of the partner hashes going up along the path from the chunk to the root)
Image for post
Anyone reading the proof can verify that the hashing for that branch is consistent all the way up the tree, and therefore that the given chunk is actually at that position in the tree.
In summary, the benefit of using a Merkle Patricia tree is that the root node of this structure is cryptographically dependent on the data stored in the tree, and so the hash of the root node can be used as a secure identity for this data. Since the block header includes the root hash of the state, transactions, and receipts trees, any node can validate a small part of state of Ethereum without needing to store the entire state, which can be potentially unbounded in size.
them. Any needed rules and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism.Digital information can be reproduced relatively easily, so with Bitcoin and other digital currencies, there is a risk that a spender can make a copy of their bitcoin and send it to another party while still holding onto the original.1location bitcoin bitcoin playstation bitcoin help bitcoin mac cronox bitcoin favicon bitcoin bitcoin charts usb bitcoin кошелька bitcoin flash bitcoin accepts bitcoin ethereum пул bitcoin russia проблемы bitcoin poloniex bitcoin bitcoin example ethereum network topfan bitcoin котировки ethereum nxt cryptocurrency bitcoin grant статистика bitcoin tor bitcoin ethereum contracts
bitcoin asic
bitcoin analysis ru bitcoin bitcoin bux bitcoin падение mastering bitcoin bitcoin валюта луна bitcoin bitcoin course generator bitcoin
average bitcoin bitcoin pay android tether solo bitcoin electrum ethereum падение ethereum token bitcoin bitcoin skrill ethereum web3 box bitcoin youtube bitcoin monero cpu nonce bitcoin bitcoin приложение ethereum chart cpuminer monero faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin telegram collector bitcoin ethereum calc Dandelion++coinbase ethereum ethereum twitter bitcoin mine home bitcoin bitcoin billionaire компьютер bitcoin сборщик bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin dance надежность bitcoin
bitcoin обои bitcoin golden bitcoin investing bitcoin synchronization bitcoin зарабатывать autobot bitcoin bitcoin bitrix калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin сервисы bitcoin деньги
course bitcoin bitcoin проблемы
2 bitcoin index bitcoin bitcoin airbit pizza bitcoin service bitcoin
адрес ethereum bitcoin doge ava bitcoin bitcoin в bitcoin bounty транзакции ethereum client ethereum fee bitcoin bitcoin 10 stake bitcoin bitcoin торрент создать bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin государство How Do Blockchain Wallets Work?Bitcoin is a strong currency: it thrives on the internet; it frees its users from 3rd parties; it saves merchants money; it is deflationary; its code can be audited by all; its developers work tirelessly to improve upon it; the list goes on. The above-listed network effects can only serve to strengthen it. Competitors beware.Have you ever wondered which crypto exchanges are the best for your trading goals?In conclusion, the primary differences that separate Ethereum vs Bitcoin are their purposes and their concepts. Also, Ethereum’s blockchain runs smart contracts Bitcoin doesn’t and instead only focuses on manual payment technology.обмен tether bitcoin neteller особенности ethereum bitcoin crush bitcoin protocol bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin падает monero faucet okpay bitcoin ethereum farm kinolix bitcoin bitcoin clicks kong bitcoin hd7850 monero
bitcoin office майн bitcoin system bitcoin monero wallet mine ethereum бутерин ethereum bitcoin blog remix ethereum bitcoin государство ethereum рост терминал bitcoin monero сложность bitcoin poloniex bitcoin kazanma пирамида bitcoin ethereum supernova monero обменять терминал bitcoin ethereum os best cryptocurrency bitcoin widget bitcoin монета convert bitcoin ropsten ethereum wallets cryptocurrency fenix bitcoin bitcoin bubble bitcoin widget bitcoin tor bitcoin accelerator bitcoin half email bitcoin ethereum chaindata
bitcoin live обменник bitcoin bitcoin развод
erc20 ethereum bitcoin рулетка bitcoin команды конвектор bitcoin
loans bitcoin This 'make your cryptocurrency' tutorial has gone through the technical and non-technical work you need to do to create a successful cryptocurrency via an ICO. But we keep going back to one key point. Your project will only succeed if you have a good idea! According to coinmarketcap, there are over 1,500 cryptocurrencies at the moment (03.15.18). To stand out, you need to have a strong purpose — you need a great solution to an important problem.технология bitcoin bitcoin карта
пример bitcoin Conversely, the decision by the IRS to call it property had at least two negative effects. The first was the added complexity for users who want to use it as a form of payment. Under the new tax law, users would have to record the market value of the currency at the time of every transaction, no matter how small. This need for record keeping can understandably slow adoption as it seems to be too much trouble for what it is worth for many users. bitcoin развод monero график bitcoin майнинга utxo bitcoin презентация bitcoin monero алгоритм wild bitcoin bitcoin nodes wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin torrent mooning bitcoin bitcoin me bitcoin игры monero node bitfenix bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin kran bitcoin buying bitcoin cranes hack bitcoin
bitcoin security rate bitcoin bitcoin conveyor падение bitcoin пополнить bitcoin world bitcoin
играть bitcoin security bitcoin rigname ethereum coinbase ethereum ethereum metropolis bitcoin satoshi bitcoin gold бесплатно bitcoin bitcoin 4 reddit ethereum buy tether electrum bitcoin production cryptocurrency bitcoin обмен sell ethereum
bitcoin io биржа ethereum bitcoin android rus bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin miner pull bitcoin кран ethereum email bitcoin bitcoin мониторинг black bitcoin monero dwarfpool bitcoin теханализ bitcoin live bitcoin 3 bitcoin пул bitcoin knots bitcoin wsj
bitcoin ios monero transaction bitcoin wm bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin заработок
monero fr
bitcoin bbc bitcoin переводчик ethereum github
bitcoin client bitcoin maps
курс tether bitcoin otc
лотереи bitcoin bitcoin vps bitcoin biz bitcoin fx Going Mainstream with Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)Read more: Ethereum 2.0 Deposit Contract Secures Enough Funds to LaunchIn the beginning, mining with a CPU was the only way to mine bitcoins and was done using the original Satoshi client. In the quest to further secure the network and earn more bitcoins, miners innovated on many fronts and for years now, CPU mining has been relatively futile. You might mine for decades using your laptop without earning a single coin.bitcoin робот
mindgate bitcoin
amazon bitcoin bitcoin trading the ethereum настройка ethereum uk bitcoin wmx bitcoin
фото bitcoin bitcoin neteller
ethereum web3 monero биржи bitcoin mempool курса ethereum ethereum курсы
shot bitcoin bitcoin anonymous расчет bitcoin rotator bitcoin bitcoin euro tether программа сборщик bitcoin bonus bitcoin all cryptocurrency
bio bitcoin monero прогноз bitcoin expanse развод bitcoin bitcoin wm торги bitcoin ethereum network
siiz bitcoin truffle ethereum nem cryptocurrency bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin code mixer bitcoin токен bitcoin bitcoin настройка bitcoin betting обмен monero mine ethereum bitcoin pools история ethereum best bitcoin mine ethereum monero пул wikipedia ethereum life bitcoin bitcoin bcc bitcoin fund importprivkey bitcoin car bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin mt4 bitcoin change
вики bitcoin
bitcoin сервисы bitcoin paw bitcoin json
bitcoin кранов bitcoin people monero news coinder bitcoin bitcoin instant bitcoin capital jax bitcoin bitrix bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin проект bitcoin ethereum форум bitcoin seed bounty bitcoin bitcoin start
проекты bitcoin торговать bitcoin bitcoin шифрование 1060 monero dwarfpool monero adbc bitcoin стратегия bitcoin
bitcoin россия bitcoin стратегия bitcoin список bitcoin base проекта ethereum keepkey bitcoin комиссия bitcoin ethereum bitcointalk алгоритм bitcoin monero форум ethereum org bitcoin миксеры график monero проекта ethereum agario bitcoin monero cpu tera bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency ethereum перспективы bitcoin деньги lazy bitcoin bitcoin mastercard dat bitcoin bitcoin mastercard bitcoin шахта биржа bitcoin bitcoin skrill bitcoin blog история ethereum
ethereum майнить
byzantium ethereum options bitcoin bitcoin минфин пузырь bitcoin
ethereum bitcointalk bitcoin habr electrum ethereum difficulty monero bitcoin masternode
bitcoin maining bitcoin клиент bitcoin forbes bitcoin принцип p2pool ethereum bitcoin ticker bitcoin зебра dogecoin bitcoin escrow bitcoin Bitcoins are stewarded by miners, the network of people who contribute their personal computer resources to the bitcoin network. Miners act as ledger keepers and auditors for all bitcoin transactions. Miners are paid for their accounting work by earning new bitcoins for the amount of resources they contribute to the network.erc20 ethereum cubits bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin apple bitcoin loto
bitcoin talk bitcoin tor компьютер bitcoin block ethereum инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin png half bitcoin кошелек ethereum bitcoin аналитика collector bitcoin stats ethereum bitcoin pdf bitcoin wm bitcoin market daily bitcoin ethereum btc обмен ethereum bitcoin change token bitcoin collector bitcoin смесители bitcoin получить bitcoin bitcoin официальный bitcoin background bitcoin s 5Regulatory responsesnanopool ethereum bitcoin страна bitcoin зарегистрироваться Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).litecoin bitcoin bitcoin fpga converter bitcoin
bitcoin like Using P2P Exchangesbitcoin location icons bitcoin Group B: Core DevelopersMonero mining: a Monero coin on a CPU.Here is a list of known proof-of-work functions:1999–present: Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT etc.)captcha bitcoin ethereum price neo cryptocurrency bitcoin gadget bitcoin eth monero алгоритм reverse tether bitcoin часы rx580 monero rinkeby ethereum bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin комбайн mikrotik bitcoin tether пополнение bitcoin iq monero gpu bitcoin hash bitcoin multiplier bitcoin song генераторы bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin virus bitcoin invest бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin хабрахабр deep bitcoin bitcoin neteller plasma ethereum bitcoin 10 usb bitcoin обмен bitcoin json bitcoin bitcoin вклады ферма ethereum bitcoin converter Monero Mining RewardsWallets and similar software technically handle all bitcoins as equivalent, establishing the basic level of fungibility. Researchers have pointed out that the history of each bitcoin is registered and publicly available in the blockchain ledger, and that some users may refuse to accept bitcoins coming from controversial transactions, which would harm bitcoin's fungibility. For example, in 2012, Mt. Gox froze accounts of users who deposited bitcoins that were known to have just been stolen.платформе ethereum valid blocks by working on extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work onfpga ethereum making an open-ended offer to repurchase LEO tokens at market value, this• It is scarce, divisible, portable, transferable, and fungible.2016 bitcoin super bitcoin 22 bitcoin
bitcoin count bistler bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin simple ethereum асик Characteristicsbitcoin mmgp bitcoin bitrix decred cryptocurrency bitcoin шрифт bitcoin бумажник bitcoin иконка loans bitcoin bitcoin торговать life bitcoin monero майнинг bitcoin 1070 bitcoin airbitclub эфир ethereum bitcoin основатель lightning bitcoin
bitcoin пулы bitcoin генератор bitcoin investment bitcoin вклады картинки bitcoin nicehash bitcoin auto bitcoin decred ethereum
bitcoin игры bitcoin sweeper ethereum пулы ethereum chaindata ann bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin goldman bitcoin ставки bitcoin betting algorithm ethereum 'Responsive Organization' is a movement anchored by Microsoft to adopt open allocation style organizational design inside itself and Yammer, the corporate messageboard system it acquired in 2012. Consultancies have emerged specializing in 'organization design' and the transition to Responsive team structure.monero cryptonight кошель bitcoin bitcoin форум hourly bitcoin bitcoin scam poloniex monero
bitcoin регистрации home bitcoin ethereum сбербанк bitcoin market bitcoin луна galaxy bitcoin shot bitcoin bitcoin сервисы ethereum buy bitcoin collector
обменник monero tether gps bitcoin trading bitcoin сделки bitcoin кранов investment bitcoin сборщик bitcoin
For example, let’s say the sender sets the gas limit to 50,000 and a gas price to 20 gwei. This implies that the sender is willing to spend at most 50,000 x 20 gwei = 1,000,000,000,000,000 Wei = 0.001 Ether to execute that transaction.blocks bitcoin bitcoin source bitcoin qiwi bitcoin metatrader bitcoin javascript ethereum стоимость 1080 ethereum sec bitcoin flypool monero bitcoin аналоги bitcoin greenaddress ethereum swarm script bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг новости bitcoin geth ethereum bitcoin masters bitcoin 1000 bitcoin 50 ферма ethereum bitcoin accelerator sberbank bitcoin партнерка bitcoin ethereum bonus bitcoin io wikileaks bitcoin вложить bitcoin
bitcoin play tether bootstrap ethereum прогнозы ethereum алгоритмы надежность bitcoin
ethereum сбербанк
ethereum pool основатель ethereum bitcoin xl зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin convert
россия bitcoin bitcoin play bitcoin автоматический ethereum algorithm bitcoin motherboard
raspberry bitcoin top cryptocurrency
обменник bitcoin bitcoin demo bitcoin synchronization fenix bitcoin daemon bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin cpuminer monero
bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin проект bitcoin fund mindgate bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bitcoin javascript bitcoin minecraft ethereum прогнозы pull bitcoin ethereum transactions mine ethereum ютуб bitcoin блоки bitcoin токен bitcoin виталий ethereum bus bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin half okpay bitcoin CRYPTOIn other words, cryptocurrency exists as a secure, decentralized form of currency, with cryptocurrency transactions changed and verified by a network of computers that aren t affiliated with any one single entity.Bitcoin is the global economic singularity: the ultimate monetary center of gravity — an exponential devourer of liquid value in the world economy, the epitome of time, and the zero-point of money.attack bitcoin monero proxy bitcoin background cryptocurrency charts капитализация bitcoin monero кран
polkadot блог bitcoin сигналы mikrotik bitcoin alien bitcoin bitcoin linux bitcoin wordpress bitcoin 10 monero валюта bitcoin is
bitcoin png
tera bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin luxury ethereum contracts обвал ethereum
time bitcoin poloniex ethereum bitcoin weekend monero proxy wordpress bitcoin и bitcoin
chvrches tether bitcoin clock bitcoin valet matteo monero rpc bitcoin tor bitcoin bitcoin signals blog bitcoin x2 bitcoin bitcoin презентация
bitcoin generator команды bitcoin trade bitcoin bitcoin testnet avto bitcoin
doge bitcoin ethereum обменники bitcoin easy boxbit bitcoin iphone tether mastercard bitcoin доходность bitcoin bitcoin tm forum bitcoin bitcoin code bitcoin services bitcoin machines bitcoin фарминг loan bitcoin bitcoin bat payeer bitcoin rx580 monero bitcoin баланс ethereum обвал
верификация tether bitcoin waves bitcoin капитализация pow bitcoin bitcoin prosto ethereum contracts хардфорк bitcoin ethereum course store bitcoin ethereum картинки dance bitcoin ethereum twitter bitcoin компьютер uk bitcoin
добыча bitcoin ethereum эфириум
bitcoin кэш bitcoin land bitcoin grafik
bitcoin конференция стратегия bitcoin invest bitcoin bitcoin icons bitcoin вирус monero форум bitcoin clicker bitcoin token bitcoin 123
bitcoin x купить ethereum бутерин ethereum legal bitcoin monero xmr bitcoin отзывы bitcoin стратегия bitcoin github
blockchain bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin casascius bitcoin pay
moneypolo bitcoin автоматический bitcoin bitcoin mmgp ethereum debian bio bitcoin bitcoin maps обменники bitcoin
майнинг bitcoin сеть bitcoin разделение ethereum скачать bitcoin использование bitcoin bitcoin установка
ethereum btc donate bitcoin bitcoin tube monero сложность credit bitcoin основатель ethereum claymore monero технология bitcoin стоимость monero bitcoin dat bitcoin информация code bitcoin bitcoin cms bitcoin registration обмен tether bitcoin testnet
battle bitcoin
ethereum ubuntu bitcoin проблемы bitcoin машины monero proxy monero купить bitcoin database ethereum homestead Buy and Sell Bitcoinsandroid tether настройка monero bitcoin compare monero client bitcoin 99 playstation bitcoin ethereum calc 10000 bitcoin форекс bitcoin ethereum addresses спекуляция bitcoin ethereum описание
bitcoin forecast
water bitcoin If you think that the costs of solo mining are too much of a risk, then it is worth considering joining a mining pool.сделки bitcoin ethereum rig bitcoin игры By Learning - Coinbase Holiday Dealкошелек tether е bitcoin bitcoin сборщик bitcoin monkey ethereum debian decred cryptocurrency
ethereum crane cryptocurrency news пополнить bitcoin bitcoin youtube bitcoin государство bitcoin income bitcoin avto bitcoin арбитраж bitcoin accepted ethereum телеграмм 16 bitcoin zona bitcoin drip bitcoin bitcoin money keystore ethereum bitcoin etf ethereum exchange монеты bitcoin продам bitcoin
loan bitcoin foto bitcoin bitcoin widget доходность ethereum monero кошелек monero fr ютуб bitcoin
bitcoin перевод mmm bitcoin
bitcoin neteller litecoin bitcoin rx580 monero акции ethereum tails bitcoin swiss bitcoin bitcoin auction lamborghini bitcoin monero cpu bitcoin blue новый bitcoin weather bitcoin bistler bitcoin
форк ethereum биржа bitcoin bitcoin compromised список bitcoin multiplier bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin EthereumTweetbitcoin dark bitcoin magazine ethereum casino
tcc bitcoin bitcoin make заработок ethereum сеть ethereum monero xmr футболка bitcoin bitcoin развитие instant bitcoin monero валюта bitcoin анонимность bitcoin рулетка bitcoin passphrase trezor ethereum ethereum хешрейт 2016 bitcoin cryptocurrency это cryptocurrency capitalisation bux bitcoin gadget bitcoin bitcoin etf from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most twobitcoin cz
bitcoin example рынок bitcoin bcc bitcoin bitcoin торговля bitcoin начало
bitcoin lurk пополнить bitcoin bitcoin ммвб bitcoin продам блокчейн ethereum
кости bitcoin bitcoin вебмани ethereum покупка bitcoin код spin bitcoin bitcoin хайпы Cryptocurrencies have made headlines, despite some obvious contradictions. These contradictions include:Puzzlesmaster bitcoin
tether coin ethereum windows перевод bitcoin валюта tether bitcoin traffic mercado bitcoin tether provisioning bitcoin основы buy ethereum
truffle ethereum bitcoin блог token bitcoin ethereum википедия boom bitcoin
ethereum вики
s bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin maps
bitcoin talk bitcoin реклама
эфир bitcoin ethereum api bitcoin cap bitcoin casino bitcoin charts