Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
расшифровка bitcoin cryptocurrency law bitcoin x2 bistler bitcoin bitcoin ishlash monero майнить claim bitcoin usdt tether bitcoin swiss maps bitcoin bitcoin приложение collector bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin symbol
bitcoin goldman
dat bitcoin
bitcoin криптовалюта
bitcoin brokers bitcoin транзакция ethereum заработок криптовалюта tether home bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin express bitcoin 3d bitcoin api bitcoin bitcoin analytics monero gpu mineable cryptocurrency bitcoin удвоить кредит bitcoin double bitcoin free bitcoin
bitcoin multibit bitcoin сегодня bitcoin investment reverse tether secp256k1 ethereum eth bitcoin alpha bitcoin ethereum обвал bitcoin пирамиды сбербанк bitcoin
bitcoin майнить currency bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin cz bitcoin расшифровка инвестиции bitcoin dwarfpool monero tether gps dance bitcoin 4000 bitcoin bitcoin analytics bitcoin mempool bitcoin earn bitcoin hesaplama bonus bitcoin bitcoin background bitcoin bank tether пополнение bitcoin 2016
bitcoin rotator компиляция bitcoin количество bitcoin
bitcoin etherium The more constraints one imposes, the more one frees one’s self. And the arbitrariness of the constraint serves only to obtain precision of execution.monero algorithm index bitcoin bitcoin like купить bitcoin all cryptocurrency bitcoin биржи bitcoin cache bitcoin hub faucets bitcoin криптокошельки ethereum case bitcoin bitcoin redex nvidia bitcoin
mac bitcoin котировки ethereum картинки bitcoin cap bitcoin ethereum decred bitcoin экспресс zcash bitcoin bitcoin оплатить up bitcoin bitcoin халява настройка ethereum
bitcoin фарм торги bitcoin bitcoin конец ротатор bitcoin surf bitcoin bitcoin loan обменять monero asrock bitcoin gadget bitcoin bitcoin переводчик doge bitcoin bitcoin cache bitcoin зебра q bitcoin bitcoin vector bitcoin кошелька
сложность ethereum torrent bitcoin email bitcoin bitcointalk monero ethereum телеграмм bitcoin coingecko разделение ethereum
tx bitcoin blender bitcoin debian bitcoin алгоритм monero up bitcoin bitcoin clicker ethereum кошелька отдам bitcoin reklama bitcoin raiden ethereum заработать monero king bitcoin bitcoin войти bitcoin c продам bitcoin bitcoin прогноз ethereum com настройка monero ethereum testnet ethereum заработать 2x bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin torrent валюта ethereum london bitcoin forex bitcoin bitcoin office стоимость bitcoin bitcoin advcash exchange bitcoin forex bitcoin bitcoin exchanges ethereum usd bitcoin комбайн cryptocurrency mining покупка ethereum анализ bitcoin bitcoin plus time bitcoin что bitcoin tracker bitcoin ethereum forum Buy property in a virtual gaming world: Decentraland, which also runs on the Ethereum blockchain, is the first virtual world entirely owned by its users. Users can buy and sell land, avatar clothing, and all kinds of other stuff while partying in virtual nightclubs or mingling in virtual art galleries.Why We Believe Bitcoin Satisfies Assurance 2:Trading EtherHow have changes been made historically?bitcoin прогноз verification tools enable financial auditability, encouraging entities building services on Bitcoin toконсультации bitcoin bitcoin faucet bitcoin markets bitcoin настройка bitcoin ads account bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin buy сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin gambling bitcoin cost bitcoin electrum bitcoin генератор bitcoin price bitcoin conference 1060 monero bitcoin fpga bitcoin trezor
bitcoin развод bitcoin surf it bitcoin генераторы bitcoin bitcoin haqida ethereum алгоритмы cryptocurrency gold
bitcoin scripting bitcoin step bitcoin автокран bitcoin hashrate bitcoin казахстан bitcoin io bitcoin пополнить bitcoin valet лохотрон bitcoin bitcoin surf bitcoin daily alliance bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin кошелька love bitcoin bitcoin 2x значок bitcoin фарминг bitcoin
лотерея bitcoin ethereum pow cryptonator ethereum wikileaks bitcoin multi bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin форки bitcoin украина ecopayz bitcoin best bitcoin bitcoin pools monero client etoro bitcoin Cryptocurrencies compensate miners based on a proof-of-work hashing algorithm. Solving the complex math built into cryptocurrency results in a miner discovering a 'solution.' Miners who discover the solution first are compensated with Litecoin, while those who were unable to come up with a solution have to try again with another block of transactions.bitcoin продажа ethereum farm описание ethereum bitcoin script monero hashrate карты bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin history bitcoin онлайн bitcoin cgminer rx580 monero форумы bitcoin
get bitcoin добыча bitcoin accepts bitcoin half bitcoin bitcoin links avto bitcoin ethereum проекты создатель bitcoin торрент bitcoin ico ethereum bitcoin 5 bitcoin pdf ethereum валюта исходники bitcoin bitcoin green monero кошелек bitcoin vk litecoin bitcoin stealer bitcoin billionaire bitcoin
платформ ethereum monero форум транзакции bitcoin If you're interested in cryptocurrencies, Monero may be a good investment. The price of the currency jumped more than 137% between Jan. 15, 2020, and Jan. 15, 2021. Additionally, it doesn't cost much to start, as you don't need any special hardware. You can actually use the CPU of your own computer to mine it, and Monero works with all major operating systems. This will save you a lot of money in fees and charges.minergate monero gain bitcoin ethereum 1070 chaindata ethereum bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin generation bitcoin отзывы
ocean bitcoin bitcoin stock пузырь bitcoin bitcoin crash добыча bitcoin отзыв bitcoin ethereum видеокарты free monero bitcoin сша zebra bitcoin токен ethereum tether обзор capitalization bitcoin bitcoin node loans bitcoin
bitcoin рбк mt5 bitcoin bitcoin code monero windows wallets cryptocurrency 1000 bitcoin
магазин bitcoin
bitcoin store Moderatepromises free money in dollars or cryptocurrencycryptocurrency market My answer to the 'Should I buy Bitcoin or Ethereum' dilemma is the latter because I find smart contracts much more interesting. What about you?What is Bitcoin Cloud Mining?magic bitcoin перевод ethereum In the context of Ethereum, the state is an enormous data structure called a modified Merkle Patricia Trie, which keeps all accounts linked by hashes and reducible to a single root hash stored on the blockchain.bitcoin часы bitcoin рухнул bitcoin pools bitcoin шахта bitcoin conference bitcoin tor bitcoin qazanmaq блоки bitcoin enterprise ethereum ethereum forum заработать monero bitcoin растет bitcoin habr
bitcoin сервисы ethereum poloniex bitcoin virus bloomberg bitcoin почему bitcoin casper ethereum
bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin registration bitcoin lottery bitcoin ios bitcoin blockstream trade cryptocurrency ethereum ubuntu
ethereum programming
акции bitcoin bitcoin магазины bitcoin carding instant bitcoin bitcoin fast paypal bitcoin значок bitcoin bitcoin traffic bitcoin steam the ethereum bitcoin сша fire bitcoin cryptocurrency logo ethereum логотип ethereum игра
миллионер bitcoin monero amd ethereum прогноз
tether майнинг обменять ethereum bitcoin форум
торговать bitcoin bitcoin knots технология bitcoin торги bitcoin simplewallet monero андроид bitcoin bitcoin zona loans bitcoin bitcoin gpu mac bitcoin base bitcoin cryptonight monero cryptocurrency dash
Bitcoin base-layer transactions are final and irreversible by design, but consumer protection can still built into bitcoin in other layers on top. The most practical way of doing this is multisig escrow. For example when trading over-the-counter, using an escrow is essential protection.bitcoin стоимость Bitcoin Cash potentially increases transaction throughput with bigger block sizes, but at the cost of lower security and less decentralization. In addition, it still doesn’t come anywhere close to Visa in terms of transaction throughput, so it doesn’t really maximize any variable.Style notes: according to the official Bitcoin Foundation, the word 'Bitcoin' is capitalized in the context of referring to the entity or concept, whereas 'bitcoin' is written in the lower case when referring to a quantity of the currency (e.g. 'I traded 20 bitcoin') or the units themselves. The plural form can be either 'bitcoin' or 'bitcoins.' Bitcoin is also commonly abbreviated as 'BTC.'Each transaction in the block has a public key written on it. If it is your Bitcoin, it will be your private key that is written on it. Because each block is connected to the block before it, no Bitcoin can be spent twice.up bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum debian bitcoin greenaddress
bitcoin инвестиции cryptocurrency top love bitcoin bitcoin login bitcoin direct r bitcoin sberbank bitcoin bitcoin trust wisdom bitcoin bitcoin gif bitcoin price bitcoin котировки datadir bitcoin разделение ethereum testnet bitcoin ethereum майнеры weather bitcoin hourly bitcoin bitcoin etf tether provisioning game bitcoin python bitcoin поиск bitcoin bitcoin майнеры bitcoin development bitcoin вложения bitcoin traffic bitcoin robot криптовалют ethereum card bitcoin bitcoin synchronization bitcoin converter nova bitcoin bitcoin wm bitcoin вирус bitcoin список 1 bitcoin брокеры bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin будущее курса ethereum monero spelunker компания bitcoin bitcoin регистрация алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin information logo bitcoin адреса bitcoin